Notes

Chapter One: Why a Different Mirror?

“the epic story of the great migrations .. .” Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations that Made the American People (New York, 1951), p. 3.

“a teeming nation of nations” Walt Whitman, Preface, Leaves of Grass (New York, 1958), p. 453.

“We will reach the goal of freedom . . .” Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can’t Wait (New York, 1964), pp. 92-93.

“How could I as a six-month-old child . . .” Congressman Robert Matsui, speech in the House of Representatives, September 17, 1987, Congressional Record (Washington, DC, 1987), p. 7584.

“The white man does not understand . . .” Luther Standing Bear, “What the Indian Means to America,” in Wayne Moquin, ed., Great Documents in American Indian History (New York, 1973), p. 397-

“are crowding themselves into every place . . .” Leon Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860 (Chicago, 1961), p. 163.

“this plentiful country .. .” Arnold Schrier, Ireland and the American Emigration, 1850-1900 (New York, 1970), p. 24.

“Day of spacious dreams!” Kazuo Ito, Issei: A History of Japanese Immigrants (Seattle, 1973), p. 20.

“As the Russians mercilessly . . .” Mark Slobin, Tenement Songs: The Popular Music of the Jewish Immigrants (Urbana, IL, 1982), p. 155.

“I don’t know why anybody . . .” Hamilton Holt, ed., The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans As Told by Themselves (New York, 1906), p. 143.

“I will tell you something about stories . . .” Leslie Marmon Silko, Ceremony (New York, 1978), p. 2.

“[My purpose] is not to tell you. . .” Harriet A. Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Cambridge, MA, 1987, originally published 1857), p. xiii.

“realize Chinese people are human” “Social document of Pany Lowe, interviewed by C.H. Burnett, Seattle, July 5, 1924,” p. 6, Survey of Race Relations, Stanford University, Hoover Institution Archives.

“the descendants of Lazar and Goldie Glauberman” Minnie Miller, Autobiography, private manuscript, copy from Richard Balkin.

“Let America be America again” Langston Hughes, in Hughes and Arna Bontemps, eds., The Poetry of the Negro, 1746-1949 (Garden City, NY, 1951), p. 106.

“Down the railroad, um-huh” Mathilde Bunton, “Negro Work Songs” (1940), typescript in Box 91 (“Music”), Illinois Writers Projects, USWPA, in James R. Grossman’s Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Sojourners, and the Great Migration (Chicago, 1989). p. 182.

“Then drill, my Paddies, drill” Carl Wittke, The Irish in America (Baton Rouge, LA, 1956), p. 39.

“A railroad worker. . .” Ito, p. 343.

“Some unloaded rails” Manuel Gamio, Mexican Immigration to the United States (Chicago, 1930), pp. 84-85.

Chapter Two: Removing the “Savages”

“Nothing but fear and force” Nicholas P. Canny, “The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, vol., 30, no. 4 (October 1973), pp. 593, 582.

“was showed up and down London . . .” Robert R. Cawley, “Shakespeare’s Use of the Voyages in The Tempest,” Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, vol. 41, no. 3 (September 1926), pp, 720, 721.

“train them up with gentleness . . .” George Frederickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American & South African History (New York, 1971), p. 12.

“the starving time . . . fury of the savages” In Mortimer J. Adler, ed., Annals of America, vol. 1, Discovering a New World (Chicago, 1968), pp. 21, 26.

“throwing them overboard .. .” Kirkpatrick Sale, The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy (New York, 1990), p. 277.

“brought home parts of their heads” Sale, p. 294.

“root out [the Indians]. . .” Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (New York, 1976), p. 153-

“all planted with corn . . .” Howard S. Russell, Indian New England Before the Mayflower (Hanover, NH, 1980), p. 11.

“For it pleased God . . .” in Carolyn Merchant, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989), p. 90.

“I did not see .. .” David R. Ford, “Mary Rowlandson’s Captivity Narrative: A Paradigm of Puritan Representations of Native Americans?” Ethnic Studies 299 paper, fall 1996, University of California, Berkeley.

“(T]he times have turned everything . . .” James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), p. 167.

“both Americans .. .” in Andrew Lipscomb and Albert E. Bergh, eds., Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, DC, 1904), vol., 16, p. 372.

“Nothing will reduce those wretches . . .” Lipscomb and Bergh, vol. 4, pp. 270-271.

“I shall rejoice . . .” Lipscomb and Bergh, vol. 16, p. 434.

“Your lands are your own . . .” Lipscomb and Bergh, vol. 16, pp. 401, 429.

“wild beasts . . . civilization” Lipscomb and Bergh, vol. 16, pp. 74-75:

“During my adoption . . .” James E. Seaver, A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, 1823, online at Project Gutenberg.

Chapter Three: The Hidden Origins of Slavery

“English servants running .. .” Abbot Emerson Smith, Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607-1776 (Gloucester, MA, 1965), p. 253.

“Poor Indebted . . .” T.H. Breen, “A Changing Labor Force and Race Relations in Virginia, 1660-1710,” Journal of Social History, vol. 7, Fall 1973, pp. 3-4.

“prevent or suppress . . .” Breen, “Changing Labor Force,” p. 12.

“to see an abolition . . .”, Thomas Jefferson to Brissot de Warville, February 11, 1788, in Julian Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 18 vols. (Princeton, 1950-1965), vol. 12, pp. 577-578.

“Deep-rooted prejudices . . .” Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (New York, 1861), pp. 132-133.

“As it is .. .” Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, 20 vols. (New York, 1892-1899), vol. 13, p. 159.

“The first object . . .” Olaudah Equiano, “Early Travels of Olaudah Equiano,” in Philip D. Curtain, Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade (Madison, WI, 1968), ee CPS yk

Chapter Four: The Road to the Reservation

“savage bloodhounds . . .” Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (New York, 1975), pp. 140-141.

“These fiends . . .” Andrew Jackson, Proclamation, April 2, 1814, Fort Williams, in John Spencer Bassett, ed., Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, 6 vols., (Washington, DC, 1926), vol. 1, p. 494.

“to be guaranteed .. .” Andrew Jackson, Speech to the Chicksaws, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (Washington, DC, 1897), vol. 2, p. 241.

“red children” Jackson, Speech to the Chickasaws.

“It is the voice .. .” Arthur H. DeRosier Jr., The Removal of Choctaw Indians (New York, 1972), p. 104.

“It was then the middle .. .” Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, 2 vols. (New York, 1945), vol. 1, pp. 352-353.

“We were hedged in...” Angie Debo, The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic (Norman, OK, 1972), p. 56; Wayne Moquin, ed., Great Documents in American Indian History (New York, 1973), pp. 151-153.

“Looks like maybe . . .” Thurman Wilkins, Cherokee Tragedy: The Story of the Ridge Family and of the Decimation of a People (New York, 1970), p. 314.

“In a few years .. .” “The Spirit of the Times; or the Fast Age,” Democratic Review, vol. 33 (September 1853), pp. 260-261.

“What shall we .. .” Alfred L. Riggs, “What Shall We Do With the Indians?” The Nation, vol. 67, October 31, 1867), p. 356.

“no Indian nation or tribe .. .” Francis Amasa Walker, The Indian Question (Boston, 1874), p. 5.

“To do what they...” Martha Royce Blaine, Pawnee Passage: 1870-1875 (Norman, OK, 1990), p. 143.

“Long time we travel . . .” Thurman Wilkins, Cherokee Tragedy: The Story of the Ridge Family and of the Decimation of a People (New ‘York, 1970), p. 314.

Carrie Bushyhead . . . Details from Famous Cherokee from the Historical Eras, http://www.aaanativearts.com/cherokee/famouscherokee.htm, Oklahoma Geneaological Society, and her grave marker, which can be viewed online at http://www.findagrave. com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&G Rid=5647172

Chapter Five: Life in Slavery

“Masters want us...” David Walker, An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (New York, 1965), p. 34.

“No one will employ . . .” Leon Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860 (Chicago, 1965), p. 154.

“The hands are required . . .” Kenneth M. Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-bellum South (New York, 1956), p. 44.

“We have to rely .. .” Stampp, p. 146.

“the bloody scenes . . .” Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (New York, 1968; originally published 1845), p. 26.

“They left without . . .” Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York, 1979), p. 144.

“I believe it is the policy . . .” Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861-1877 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1965), p. 54.

“Wretched woman!” “Mr. Loguen’s reply,” Junius P. Rodriguez, ed., Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA, 2007), p. 678.

Chapter Six: The Flight from Ireland

“extremely poor . . . dirty Hovels . . .” Owen Dudley Edwards, “The American Image of Ireland: A Study of Its Early Phases,” Perspectives in American History, vol. 4 (1970), p. 236.

“famished and ghastly .. .” Kerby A. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (New York, 1985), p. 285.

“immortal Irish brigade . . .” Carl Wittke, The Irish in America (Baton Rouge, 1956), pp. 32-33.

“despised and...” Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, p. 318.

“I gota letter...” Kerby A. Miller, “Assimilation and Alienation: Irish Emigrants’ Responses to Industrial America, 1871-1921,” in P.J. Drudy, ed., Irish in America (Cambridge, MA, 1985), p. 105.

“American labor... Chinese standard . . .” Frederick Rudolph, “Chinamen in Yankeedom: Anti-Unionism in Massachusetts in 1870,” American Historical Review, vol. 53, no. 1 (October 1947), p. Io.

“inferior . . . lower... negroes...” Stanley K. Schultz, The Culture Factory: Boston Public Schools, 1789-1860 (New York, 1973), p. 243.

“country of the whites” David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991), p-137-

“It is to be regretted .. .” Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto, Negro New York, 1890-1930 (New York, 1966), p. 45.

“steal the work .. .” Adrian Cook, Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 (Lexington, KY, 1974), p. 205.

“What I minded .. .” Helen Campbell, Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades and Their Lives (Boston, 1900), p. 226:

“No female... “ Arnold Schreier, Ireland and the American Emigration, 1850-1900 (New York, 1970), p. 28.

“thistismen sochteier p24.

“I am getting along... .” Schreier, p. 38.

“The second generation . . .” Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, p. 508.

Mother Jones and the Children’s Crusade . . . Sources: Simon Cordery, Mother Jones: Raising Cain and Consciousness (Albuquerque, NM, 2010); Elliott J. Gorn, Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman in America (New York, 2002).

“After a long and weary march .. .” Mary Harris (Mother) Jones, “The Wail of the Children,” Joseph J. Fahey and Richard Armstrong, eds., A Peace Reader: Essential Readings on War, Justice, Non-Violence and World Order, rev. ed. (Mahwah, NJ, 1992), p. 138

Chapter Seven: The War Against Mexico

“In my judgment...” David J. Weber, ed., Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans (Albuquerque, NM, 1973), p. 102.

“mongrel . . .” Rodolfo Acufia, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (New York, 1981), p. 6-7.

“War is our only...” Acufia, p. 8.

“War exists .. .” Weber, p. 95.

“an extensive and profitable . . .” James K. Polk, in Norman Graeber, Empire on the Pacific: A Study in American Continental Expansion (New York, 1955), p. 50.

“Since we have been in Matamoros . . .” Acufia, p. 15.

“committed atrocities .. .” Carey McWilliams, North from Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States (New York, 1968), p. 102.

“What has miserable . . .” Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981), p. 235.

“Descendants of the Indians . . .” Acufia, p. 20.

“conquered ... foreigners . . .” Weber, p. 176.

“The Spanish people had .. .” Albert Camarillo, Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1849-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1979), p. 36.

“Mexicans have sold . . .” David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (Austin, TX, 1987), p. 113.

“the lower class of Mexicans .. .” Andres E. Jimenez Montoya, “Political Discrimination in the Labor Market: Racial Division in the Arizona Copper Industry,” Working Paper 103, Institute for the Study of Social Change, University of California, Berkeley (1977), P- 20.

“We beg to say...” Tomas Almaguer, “Racial Domination and Class Conflict in Capitalist Agriculture: The Oxnard Sugar Beet Workers’ Strike of 1903,” Labor History, vol. 25, no. 3 (Summer 1984), p. 340.

“The language now spoken .. .” M.G. Vallejo, “What the Gold Rush Brought to California,” Valeska Bari, ed., The Course of Empire: First Hand Accounts of California in the Days of the Gold Rush of ’49 (New York, 1931), p. 53-

Chapter Eight: From China to Gold Mountain

“White men and women...” Carey McWilliams, Factories in the Field (Santa Barbara, CA, 1971), p. 74.

“Chinese and other people not white” California Supreme Court, The People v. Hall, October 1, 1854, in Robert F. Heizer and Alan F. Almquist, The Other Californians: Prejudice and Discrimination under Spain, Mexico, and the United States to 1920 (Berkeley, CA, 1971), p. 229.

“Our experience . . .” Stuart C. Miller, The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese, 1752-1882 (Berkeley, CA, 1969), p. 190.

“The Chinese were in a pitiable state . . .” Huie Kin, Reminiscences (Peiping, 1932), p. 27.

“The greatest impression . . .”

“There was endless discussion . . .” Victor Wong, “Childhood II,” in Nick Harvey, ed., Ting: The Cauldron: Chinese Art and Identity in San Francisco (San Francisco, 1970), p. 71. “Yes, well, we had a dog...” Shih-shan Henry Tsai, The Chinese Experience in America (Bloomington, IN, 1986), p. ror.

Chapter Nine: Dealing with the Indians

“the meeting point. . .” Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” in The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison, WI, 1939), p. 185.

“All Indians must dance . . .” James Mooney, The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1892-1892, Part 2 (Washington, DC, 1896), p. 26.

“Indians are dancing . . .” Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York, 1970), p. 436.

“There were only .. .” Black Elk, Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, as told to John G. Neihardt (Lincoln, NE, 1961), pp. 161-162.

“Dead and wounded . . .” Black Elk, p. 259.

“free and open plains . . .” George A. Custer, Wild Life on the Plains and Horrors of Indian Warfare (St. Louis, 1891), pp. 139-140

“eventually open to settlement . . .” Francis Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians: Writings by the “Friends of the Indian’: 1800-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1973), p.108.

“it will be but a few years . . .” Hoxie, p. 160.

“If the Indian life . . .” John Collier, From Every Zenith: A Memoir and Some Essays on Life and Thought (Denver, 1963), p. 203.

“In my long life . . .” Collier, D. AA).

“You people are indeed . . .” Peter Nabokov, ed., Native American Testimony (New York, 1978), p. 330.

“Take the handle . . .. wisely kept.” Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Lincoln, NE, 1984), p. 180.

Chapter Ten: The Japanese and “Money Trees”

“In America .. .” Kazuo Ito, Issei: A History of the Japanese Immigrants in North America (Seattle, 1973), p. 29.

“Huge dreams...” p. 38.

“Don’t stay . . . twenty years.” Eileen Sunada Sarasohn, ed., The Issei: Portrait of a Pioneer, an Oral History (Palo Alto, CA, 1983), 34.

“Keep a variety .. .” G.C. Hewitt to W.G. Irwin and Company, March 18, 1896, Hutchinson Plantation Records.

“I haven't got...” Machiyo Mitamura, “Life on a Hawaiian Plantation: An Interview,” in Social Process in Hawaii, vol. 6 (1940), p. 5I.

“If we talked too much...” Ethnic Studies Oral History Project, Uchinanchu: A History of Okinawans in Hawaii (Honolulu, 1981),

p. 513: “My husband cuts . . .” Song, in Yukuo Uyehara, “The Horehore-Bushi: A Type of Japanese Folksong Developed and Sung Among

the Early Immigrants in Hawaii,” Social Process in Hawaii, vol. 28 (1980-1981), p. 114.

“unite our destiny . . .” Letter to plantation manager E. K. Bull, signed by ninety-two strikers, May 19, 1909, reprinted in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report of the Commissioner of Labor on Hawaii (Washington, 1910), p. 80.

“laborers of all nationalities” Takashi Tsutsumi, History of Hawaii Laborers’ Movement (Honolulu, 1922), p. 22.

“Pleasant surroundings . . .” Donald S. Bowman, “Housing the Plantation Worker,” The Hawatian Planter’s Record, vol. 22, no. 4 _ (April 1920), p. 202-203.

“The language we used . . .” Ethnic Studies Oral History Project, Waialua and Haleiwa: The People Tell Their Story (Honolulu, 1977), vol.3, p. II.

“With one woven basket...” Song, Hawati Herald, February 2, 1973.

“But I didn’t realize...” William C. Smith, The Second Generation Oriental in America (Honolulu, 1927), p. 21.

“America... once...” Ito, p. 889.

“T would much rather .. .” “Interview with Miss Esther B. Bartlett of Y.W.C.A.,” December 12, 1925, p. 5, Survey of Race Relations, Stanford University. Hoover Institution Library.

“When I told my parents . . . All agreed to our marriage. . .” Eileen Sunada Sarasohn, ed. The Issei: Portrait of a Pioneer, an Oral History (Palo Alto, CA, 1983), p. 44, pp. 31-32.

Chapter Eleven: Jews Are Pushed from Russia

“Tt was not easy to live . . .” Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made (New York, 1983), p. 10.

“I feel that every cobblestone . . .” Sydelle Kramer and Jenny Masur, eds. Jewish Grandmothers (Boston, 1976), p. 64.

“This was the point . . .” Abraham Cahan, The Education of Abraham Cahan, translated by Leon Stein, Abraham P. Conan, and Lynn Davison (Philadelphia, 1969), p. 188.

“Everyone was on deck . . .” Ronald Sanders, Shores of Refuge: A Hundred Years of Jewish Emigration (New York, 1988), p. 161.

“My work was...” Milton Meltzer, Taking Root: Jewish Immigrants in America (New York, 1976), pp. 111-112.

“I looked upon the dead bodies . . .” Elizabeth Ewen, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side, 1890-1925 (New York, 1985), p. 260.

“By the end of World War 1...“ Susan A. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl: Life and Labor in the Immigrant Generation (Ithaca, NY, 1990), p. 169.

“During the few years .. .” Ewen, p. 72.

“more dirty Jews .. .” Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America (New York, 1981), p. 234.

“All of us under . . .” Mayor James Curley, in Marcia Graham Synnott, The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970 (Westport, CT, 1979), p. H2;

“Iam a working girl...” Clara Lemlich, in Howe, p. 298, and Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (New York, 1992), p. 183. Additional information about Clara Lemlich from Annelise Orleck, “Clara Lemlich Shavelson,” Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, Jewish Women’s Archive, online at http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/shavelsonclara-lemlich

Chapter Twelve: Up from Mexico

“All you had to do... .” Mario T. Garcia, Desert Immigrants: The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880-1920 (New Haven, CT, 1981), p. 37.

“If anyone has any doubt . . .” Ricardo Romo, East Lost Angeles: History of a Barrio (Austin, TX, 1983), p. 45-

“We came to the United States .. .” Romo, p. 6.

“There is not a day...” David J. Weber, Foreigners in Their Native * Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans (Albuquerque, NM, 1973), p. 260.

“The fleeting engine . . .” Manuel Gamio, Mexican Immigration to the United States, (Chicago, 1930), pp. 91-92.

“His strongest point...” Garcia, p. 68.

_ “They have finished. . .” Mark Reisler, By the Sweat of Their Brow: Mexican Immigrant Labor in the United States, 1900-1940 (Westport, CT, 1976), p. 85.

“We protect our farmers...” Reisler, p. 240.

“Well, we believe . . .” Devra A. Weber, “Mexican Women on Strike: Memory, History, and Oral Narrative,” in Adelaida R. Del Castillo, ed., Between Borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana History (Encino, CA, 1990), p. 192.

“T have left . . .” Gamio, p. 147.

“Two years ago...” “Interview with Inder Singh,” Survey of Race Relations, Stanford University, Hoover Institution Archives, p. 1.

“There would be a revolution . . .” David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1936-1986 (Austin, TX, 1987), pp. 226-227.

“Educated Mexicans .. .” Rosalinda M. Gonzalez, “Chicanas and Mexican Immigrant Families, 1920-1940: Women’s Subordination and Family Exploitation,” in Lois Scharf and Joan M. Jenson, eds., Decades of Discontent: The Women’s Movement, 1920-1940 (Westport, CT, 1983), p. 66.

“Your people are here . . .” Garcia, p. 125.

“Becoming a proud American . . .” Ernesto Galarza, Barrio Boy: The Story of a Boy's Acculturation (Notre Dame, IN, 1971), p. 211.

“From the racial . . .” Reisler, p. 155.

“My mother was left. . .” Ignacio Pifia details and quotes from Wendy Koch, “U.S. urged to apologize for 1930s deportations,” USA Today, April 5, 2006, online at http://www.usatoday.com/ news/nation/2006-04-04-1930s-deportees-cover_x.htm

Chapter Thirteen: Blacks Arrive in Northern Cities

“And Black men’s feet . . .” Zora Neale Hurston, Jonah’s Gourd Vine (New York, 1990, originally published in 1934), pp. 147-148.

“Where I come from .. .” Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto, Negro New York, 1890-1930 (New York, 1965), p. 23.

“The best wages . . .” Ray Stannard Baker, “The Negro Goes North,” World’s Work, vol. 34 (July 1917), p. 315.

“He came home .. .” Baker, p. 314.

“discontented . . .” Osofsky, pp. 24-25.

“Why stay in the South...” Emmett J. Scott, Negro Migration During the War (London, 1920), p. 33.

“The districts...” Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago, 1967), p. 202.

“pouring into Chicago...” Spear, p. 209.

“unite all labor .. .” Raymond Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression: The Problem of Economic Recovery (Westport, CT, 1970), p- 250.

“Up, you mighty race ... “ E. David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Madison, WI, 1966), p. 70.

“To me, at home... It was then. . .” Marcus Garvey, “The Negro’s Greatest Enemy,” Current History, vol. 18 (September 1923), p. 95*-953»

“If Europe is for the Europeans . . .” Cronon, p. 65.

“Garvey made thousands think . . .” Cronon, p. 136.

Chapter Fourteen: World War II and America’s Ethnic Problem

“There is no intention . . .” Personal Justice Denied: Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (Washington, DC, 1982), p. 265.

“principles that gave .. . Mike Cohen, Jewish.” Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Marching Blacks (New York, 1945), p. 125.

“To men of my generation . . .” Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, Longtime Californ’: A Documentary Study of an American Chinatown (San Francisco, 1972), pp. 154-155.

“In the 1940s .. .” Diane Mark and Ginger Chih, A Place Called Chinese America (Dubuque, IA, 19820, pp. 97-98

“All of us...” Robert Haro, interview, July 25, 1988.

“I remember one day .. .” Richard Santillan, “Rosita the Riveter: Midwest Mexican American Women During World War II,” Perspectives in Mexican American Studies, vol. 2 (1989), p. 128.

“Our answer is. . .” Jere Franco, “Bringing Them Alive: Selective Service and Native Americans,” Journal of Ethnic Studies, vol. 18, no. 3 (Fall 1990), p. 18.

“The marines recruited Navajos .. .” Cozy Stanley Brown, interview, in Broderick H. Johnson, ed., Navajos and World War II (Isaile, Navajo Nation, AZ, 1977), p. 54.

“anbreakable code” Isabel Simmons, “The Unbreakable Code,” Marine Corps Gazette, November 1971.

“Without the Navajos . . .” Bruce Watson, “Navajo Code Talkers: A Few Good Men,” Smithsonian, vol. 24, no. 5 (August 1993), p. 40.

“When I was going . . .” Kenji Kawano, Warriors: Navajo Code Talkers (Flagstaff, AZ, 1990), p. 16.

“Japs—savages .. .” Harry Truman, Diary, in Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York, 1982), p. 53.

“for democracy . . .” Francis L. Broderick, W. E. B. Du Bois: Negro Leader in a Time of Crisis (Stanford, CA, 1966), p. 196.

“DEAR EDITOR: .. .” James Thompson, reprinted in Philip McGuire, ed., Taps for a Jim Crow Army: Letters from Black Soldiers in World War II (Lexington, KY, 1993), pp. 19-20; see also PBS, Soldiers Without Swords: The Black Press, “Newspapers: The Pittsburgh Courier,” online at http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/ news_bios/courier.html and Andrew Buni, Robert L. Vann of the Pittsburgh Courier: Politics and Black Journalism (Pittsburgh, 1974).

Chapter Fifteen: Calls for Change

“Negroes are inno mood...” Philip McGuire, ed., Taps for a Jim Crow Army: Letters from Black Soldiers in World War II (Lexington, KY, 1993), p. 248.

“outright racial discrimination” US Supreme Court, Oyama v. California, 332 (US) 633, 1948, online at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw. com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=332&invol=633

“Going steadily to study . . .” Kiyoko Nieda, in Lucille Nixon and Tomoe Tana, eds. and trans., Sounds from the Unknown: A Collection of Japanese-American Tanka (Denver, 1963), p. 49.

“utterly loyal . . .a sad chapter . . .” San Francisco Chronicle, August 11, 1988.

“We knew this was .. .” Juana Caudillo, in Richard Santillan, “Midwestern Mexican American Women and the Struggle for Gender Equality,” Perspectives in Modern Mexican American Studies, vol. 5 (1995), p. 98.

“When our young men...” Eva Hernandez, in Santillan, p. 138.

“I myself desegregated . . .” Quoted by James Farmer, in Francis L. Broderick and August Meier, Negro Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1965), p. 372.

“Five score years ago...” Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream,” in Broderick and Meier, pp. 400-405.

“I don’t see... .” James H. Cone, Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare (Maryknoll, NY, 1991), p. I.

“The Rodney King riots . . . related to one another.” Richard Rodriquez, “Horizontal City,” This World, San Francisco Chronicle, May 24, 1992, p. 16.

“We would go after school . . .” Ellen Levine, Freedom's Children: Young Civil Rights Activists Tell Their Own Stories (New York, 2000).

Chapter Sixteen: New Waves of Newcomers

“Just as we sought . . .” David Reimers, Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America (New York, 1985), pp. 67-83.

“The conditions in the factories . . .” Alexander Reid, “New Asian Immigrants, New Garment Center,” New York Times, October 5, 1986.

“Life was very hard .. .” Lesleyanne Hawthorne, Refugee: The Vietnamese Experience, (Melbourne, Australia, 1982), p. 237.

“Remember these are people . . .” Alan Hope, “Language, Culture Are Biggest Hurdles for Vietnamese,” Gainesville Times (GA), March 31, 1985.

“The Taliban are . . .” Jonathan Curiel, “Afghan Angst: Bay Area Community Watches Taliban Depredations from Afar,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 18, 2001.

“Tt was at this moment...” Nadeem Saeed, email to Professor Ronald Takaki, September 11, 2007.

“I started hearing . . . what integration means.” Fatema Nourzaie, email to Professor Ronald Takaki, September 15, 2007.

“The 2010 census . . .” Haya El Nasser and Paul Overberg, “Census shows growth among Asian Indians,” USA Today,

May 17, 2011, online at http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/ census/2011-05-12-asian-indian-population-Census_n.htm

“by their sheer numbers . . .” “Immigration: Why Amnesty Makes Sense,” Time, June 18, 2007, p. 42.

“During the years . . .” David Bacon, “What a Vote for Free Trade Means for the U.S.,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 20, 2007.

“One thing is certain . . .” Ronald Reagan, quoted in Fareed Zakaria, “America’s New Know-Nothings,” Newsweek, May 28, 2007, p. 39.

“My name is . . .” Franco Ordofiez, “Immigrants arrested at Charlotte ‘coming out’ rally,” Rock Hill Herald, September 7, 2011, online at http://www.heraldonline.com/2011/09/07/3346765/ immigrants-arrested-at-charlotte.html

“Our own American .. .” Kate Brumback, “Illegal immigrant youth, like journalist Vargas, ‘come out’ in reform push,” Denver Post, June 23, 2011, online at http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_18339986

Chapter Seventeen: “We Will All Be Minorities”

“A half-century from now... truly multicultural democracy.” President Bill Clinton, “One America in the Twenty-First Century: The President’s Initiative on Race” (Washington, DC, White House, 1997).

“Let America be .. .” Langston Hughes, “Let America Be America Again,” in Langston Hughes and Arna Bontemps, eds., The Poetry of the Negro, 1746-1949 (Garden City, NY, 1951), p. 106.

abolition ending or doing away with something; in American

history, usually refers to the movement to abolish or end

slavery amnesty a government’s or other authority’s decision to par-

don a group of people for an act committed in the past assimilation the process of blending in among, or taking on

the characteristics of, a larger group communist supporter of communism, a political and

economic system in which the state owns the means of

economic production, such as factories and farmland,

and manages the economy; nineteenth-century German

thinker Karl Marx developed the political theory that views

a communist society without classes or states as the out-

come of human political and economic development discrimination unequal or unfair treatment of individuals

or whole groups based on features such as race, gender,

ethnic origin, or religion; treatment based on prejudice elite group that has superior status in a society, due to politi-

cal power, wealth, or inherited noble rank ethnicity quality of belonging to an ethnic group, a popula-

tion that shares the same national, racial, cultural, or tribal

background executive order an order, regulation, or instruction issued by

the head of an executive branch of government, such as a

president, governor, or mayor

exploit to take advantage of fascism belief that national identity should be equal to shared

ethnic identity, and that a nation consists of people with

the same ancestry, culture, religion, or values; the fascist

idea that people or groups outside the shared identity

weaken the nation can lead to prejudice or violence against

minorities; in politics, fascism usually takes the form of

authoritarian governments with a single all-powerful party

or leader, such as Benito Mussolini of Italy and Adolf

Hitler of Germany during World War II federal having to do with the central or national level of gov-

ernment and its powers and responsibilities genocide an organized effort to eliminate a particular racial,

ethnic, religious, or cultural group ghetto place set aside by law or custom to be inhabited by

a specific group who may be unable to live outside the

ghetto for legal or economic reasons; originally referred

to the part of the Italian city of Venice where Jews were

required to live, later used for the Jewish sections of cities

throughout Europe; some ghettos were ancient neighbor-

hoods where Jews lived together by choice, but many were

segregated quarters created by authorities and laws that

forced Jews to live apart from the rest of society integration mixing together; in American history, usually

refers to the end of laws that separated, or segregated,

people by race; integration was brought about by the civil

rights movement and laws of the mid-twentieth century internment the act of confining a specific group of people away

from the general population, by military force or by law lynching racially based murder; in American history, usually refers

to the illegal killing of black people, mostly men, by whites militia citizens who are not soldiers but who possess weapons

and are prepared for military service in an emergency

nationalism belief that one’s own nation or culture is superior

to others, or the act of setting the interests of one’s nation

or culture above others nativism policies that favor native-born inhabitants over

immigrants, or the belief that native-born citizens are

superior to immigrants naturalized citizen foreign-born person who becomes a citi-

zen through legal means pogrom organized massacre of helpless people, often used to

refer to massacres of Jewish people segregation separation; in American history, usually refers to

the separation of races under law speculation buying a quantity of something, such as land, not

to use but in the hope of reselling it within a short time at

a profit stereotype an idea or image of what a particular kind of per-

son is like, based on opinions or feelings, not necessarily

on facts or experience suffrage the right to vote treason the crime of trying to overthrow or attack one’s own

government

Cover: “Japanese Internment” by Ansel Adams, 1943. The Granger Collection, New York.

Chapter One: Dutch Slave Ship Arrives in Virginia © Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Chapter Two: “Native Americans’ pallisaded village” © North Wind Picture Archives; Title Page of Narrative of the Captivity .. . of Mary Rowlandson courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society

Chapter Three: Bacon’s Rebellion © MP1/Getty Images; Tobacco Plant © North Wind Picture Archives

Chapter Four: Men Shooting Buffalo from a Moving Train © Corbis

Chapter Five: Oliver Scott’s Big Minstrel Carnival. Color lithograph, 1899. © akg-images/ The Image Works; “Black Recruitment Poster for Union Army, 1860s” © Getty Images

Chapter Six: “Katie (13 years) and Angelina Javella (11 years),” by Lewis Wickes Hine, 1912. From the National Child Labor Committee Collection, courtesy of the Library of Congress.

Chapter Seven: Frederick Remington, A Vaquero, 1881-1901. © Corbis

Chapter Eight: Asian and European Immigrant Workers © North Wind Picture Archives; “Chinese Americans” © akg-images/The Image Works

Chapter Nine: “Navajo Herding a Flock of Sheep” © Marilyn Angel Wynn/The Image Works

Chapter Ten: “Japanese Cutting Sugar Cane on Maui” © Bettman/Corbis/AP Images

Chapter Eleven: “Home-work (crochet) in East Side Tenement Home,” by Lewis Wickes Hine, 1912. From the National Child Labor Committee Collection, courtesy of the Library of Congress.

Chapter Twelve: “Boarder Guards Speaking with Mexicans on a Road, 1940-1950” © Gamma-Keyston via Getty Images

Chapter Thirteen: “Renaissance Casino in Harlem,” by Frank Driggs. © Getty Images

Chapter Fourteen: “Crowd Celebrating Victory Day in Times Square” © Bettman/Corbis

Chapter Fifteen: “St. Petersburg, FL: Sit-in” © St. Petersburg Times/The Image Works; “Freedom Riders on a Bus” by Paul Schutzer © Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images

Chapter Sixteen: “Brooklyn, New York: 2005 Pakistani Independence . . .” © David Grossman/The Image Works; “‘One Family, One Alabama’ Repeal HB 56 Campaign Launch” © Corbis