Front matter

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RONALD TAKAKI

Author of Strangers from a Different Shore

WINNER OF AN AMERICAN BOOK AWARD

WESTSIDE

Acclaim for Ronald Takaki's A DIFFERENT MIRROR

"In our increasingly diverse society, the issues of race, ethnicity, and religion are often at the forefront of American consciousness, and always in the backs of our minds, shaping our own identity and our views of others. They reverberate in our voting booths, town halls, classrooms, and popular culture. In this timely update of A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, Professor

Ronald Takaki examines the challenges we face in reconciling our differences and forming a secure, sustainable future for our country. Now more than ever, it's essential that we understand and embrace our diversity if we are to grow together as a nation." -President Bill Clinton

"A valuable contribution to the discussion of America as a multicultural society." -Boston Globe

"Takaki's book is nothing less than an attempt to view all of American history from a multicultural perspective. It is a laudable effort-humane, well informed, accessible, and often incisive. It is clearly not intended to divide Americans but rather to teach them to value the nation's inescapable diversity." -New York Times Book Review

"A groundbreaker .... It's fascinating to watch Takaki weave these multifaceted strands into a single narrative text." -San Francisco Chronicle

"While Takaki's subtitle is 'a history of multicultural America,' his'book is also a manifesto for the future." -New York Review of Books

''A Different Mirror demonstrates that employing a multicultural approach to American history is a necessary first step toward the binding together of our disunited nation." -Detroit Free Press

''A Different Mirror advances a truly humane sense of American possibility." -Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

ALSO BY RONALD TAKAKI

A Pro-Slavery Crusade: The Agitation to Reopen the African Slave Trade Violence in the Black Imagination: Essays and Documents Iron Cages: Race and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii From Different Shores: Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb A Larger Memory: A History of Our Diversity, with Voices Debating Diversity: Clashing Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America Double Victory: A Multicultural History of America in World War II

RONALD TAKAKI

A

DIFFERENT

MIRROR

A History of Multicultural America

REVISED EDITION

• BACK BAY BOOKS LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY

NEW YORK BOSTON LONDON

WESTSIDE

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Copyright© 1993, 2008 by Ronald Takaki

All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Back Bay Books / Little, Brown and Company Hachette Book Group 237 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Visit our Web site at www.HachetteBookGroup.com

First revised edition, December 2008 Originally published in hardcover by Little, Brown and Company, June 1993

First Back Bay paperback edition, June 1994

Back Bay Books is an imprint of Little, Brown and Company. The Back Bay Books name and logo are trademarks of Hachette Book Group, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Takaki, Ronald T. A different mirror : a history of multicultural America/ Ronald Takaki. p. cm.-(Back Bay nonfiction) "Originally published in hardcover by Little, Brown and Company, June 1993" -T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-316-02236-l 1. Minorities-United States-History. 2. United States-Race relations. 3. United States-Ethnic relations. 4. Cultural pluralism-United States-History. I. Title. E184.A1T335 2008 305.800973-dc22 2008032815

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

RRD-IN

Printed in the United States of America

This book is dedicated to my wife, CAROL, for our forty-nine years of friendship, our joyous journey through a lifetime of scholarship, and our ceaseless collaboration in recovering and writing American history's missing chapters.

CONTENTS

1 A Different Mirror: The Making of Multicultural America 3

PART ONE: FOUNDATIONS Before Columbus: Vinland 23

2 The "Tempest" in the Wilderness: A Tale of Two Frontiers 26 Shakespeare's Dream About America 27 English Over Irish 28 English Over Indian 30 Virginia: To "Root Out" Indians as a People 34 New England: The "Utter Extirpation" of Indians 37 Stolen Lands: A World Turned "Upside Down" 44

3 The Hidden Origins of Slavery 49 A View from the Cabins: Black and White Together 51 "English and Negroes in Armes": Bacon's Rebellion 57 "White Over Black" 62

PART TWO: CONTRADICTIONS The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom 75

4 Toward "the Stony Mountains": From Removal to Reservation 79 Andrew Jackson: "To ... Tread on the Graves of Extinct Nations" 79 The Embittered Human Heart: The Choctaws 83 "The Trail of Tears": The Cherokees 87 ''American Progress": "Civilization" Over "Savagery" 91

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5 "No More Peck o' Corn": Slavery and Its Discontents 98 "North of Slavery" 99 Was "Samba" Real? 102 Frederick Douglass: Son of His Master 113 Martin Delany: Father of Black Nationalism 118 "Tell Linkum Dat We Wants Land" 122

6 Fleeing "the Tyrant's Heel": "Exiles" from Ireland 131 Behind the Emigration: "John Bull Must Have the Beef" 132 An "Immortal Irish Brigade" of Workers 137 Irish "Maids" and "Factory Girls" 145 "Green Power": The Irish "Ethnic" Strategy 151

7 "Foreigners in Their Native Land": The War Against Mexico 155 "We Must Be Conquerors or We Are Robbers" 155 Anglo Over Mexican 164

8 Searching for Gold Mountain: Strangers from a Different Shore 177 Pioneers from Asia 178 Twice a Minority: Chinese Women in America 191 A Colony of"Bachelors" 195 A Sudden Change in Fortune: The San Francisco Earthquake 200 "Caught in Between": Chinese Born in America 203

PART THREE: TRANSITIONS The End of the Frontier: The Emergence of an American Empire 209

9 The "Indian Question": From Reservation to Reorganization 214 The Massacre at Wounded Knee 214 Where the Buffalo No Longer Roam 216 Allotment and Assimilation 220 The Indian "New Deal": What Kind of a "Deal" Was It? 225

10 Pacific Crossings: From Japan to the Land of "Money Trees" 232 Picture Brides in America 233 Tears in the Canefields 237

CONTENTS "'--""' IX

Transforming California: From Deserts to Farms 252 The Nisei: Americans by Birth 259 11 The Exodus from Russia: Pushed by Pogroms 262 A Shtetl in America 267 In the Sweatshops: An Army of Garment Workers 271 Daughters of the Colony 275 Up from "Greenhorns": Crossing Delancey Street 280 12 El Norte: Up from Mexico 292 Sprinkling the Fields with the Sweat of Their Brows 295 Tortillas and Rotis: Mixed Marriages 300 On the Other Side of the Tracks 302 The Barrio: A Mexican-American World 307 13 To "the Land of Hope": Blacks in the Urban North 311 "The Wind Said North" 312 The Crucible of the City 318 Black Pride in Harlem 325 "But a Few Pegs to Fall": The Great Depression 332

PART FOUR: TRANSFORMATIONS The Problem of the Color Lines 339

14 World War II: American Dilemmas 341 Japanese Americans:'½ Tremendous Hole" in the Constitution 342 African Americans: "Bomb the Color Line" 350 Chinese Americans: To "Silence the Distorted Japanese Propaganda" 359 Mexican Americans: Up from the Barrio 361 Native Americans: "Why Fight the White Man's War?" 367 Jewish Americans: A "Deafening Silence" 371 A Holocaust Called Hiroshima 380

15 Out of the War: Clamors for Change 383 Rising Winds for Social Justice 383 Raisins in the Sun: Dreams Deferred 396 Asian Americans: A "Model Minority" for Blacks? 402

16 Again, the "Tempest-Tost" 405 From a "Teeming Shore": Russia, Ireland, and China 406 Dragon's Teeth of Fire: Vietnam 411

x ""_.,, CONTENTS

Wars of Terror: Afghanistan Beckoned North: Mexico

17 "We Will All Be Minorities"

Author's Note: Epistemology and Epiphany Notes Index

418 426

434

441

447 519

A DIFFERENT MIRROR